{"id":5546,"date":"2024-07-17T07:25:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-17T04:25:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/?page_id=5546"},"modified":"2024-07-17T08:24:52","modified_gmt":"2024-07-17T05:24:52","slug":"iklim-politikasi","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/iklim-politikasi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0130klim Politikas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u0130klim Politikas\u0131<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u0130KL\u0130M NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>

  • \u0130klim, belli bir d\u00f6nemde, belli bir b\u00f6lgede veya gezegenin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen t\u00fcm hava durumlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131 olarak, bir b\u00f6lgeye uzun s\u00fcre h\u00fckmeden, karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen hava durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder.<\/li>
  • \u0130klimlerin olusmasinda D\u00fcnya ile G\u00fcne\u015f aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki son derece \u00f6nemli olmakla birlikte, bunun yan\u0131nda okyanuslar\u0131n hareketleri, kutuplar, yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri, r\u00fczgar, ay, tektonik hareketler, volkanlar ve sera gazlar\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131da de\u011fi\u015fken de iklimi etkiler.<\/li><\/ul>

    \u00a0<\/p>

    II \u2013 \u0130KL\u0130M DE\u011e\u0130\u015e\u0130KL\u0130\u011e\u0130 NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>

    • \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, yerk\u00fcre ikliminde birka\u00e7 on y\u0131l veya daha uzun bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde, k\u00fcresel ya da b\u00f6lgesel olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen de\u011fi\u015fimler olarak tan\u0131mlanabilir. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi denince ilk akla gelen ise sera gazlar\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma kavramlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>
    • 1992 – Birle\u015fmis Milletler \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne g\u00f6re iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, \u201ckar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir bir zaman diliminde g\u00f6zlenen do\u011fal iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ek olarak, do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak k\u00fcresel atmosferin bile\u015fimini bozan insan etkinlikleri sonucunda iklimde olu\u015fan bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik<\/li><\/ul>

      \u00a0<\/p>

      III \u2013 K\u00dcRESEL ISINMA NED\u0130R?<\/strong><\/p>

      • K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma, iklimi s\u0131\u00e7ramalar halinde de\u011fi\u015ftirir ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde iklim rejimleri karars\u0131z bir hale gelerek, atmosferin telekinetik do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi bu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ayn\u0131 anda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada etkisini g\u00f6sterir. D\u00fcnya, tehlikeli bi\u00e7imde bir k\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131na ilerlerken k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma, hidrolojik dengeleri yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, temiz su kaynaklar\u0131 ve insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da etkileyerek f\u0131rt\u0131nalar, deniz seviyelerindeki s\u00fcrekli art\u0131\u015f, kutuplarda erime, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fme, n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131, g\u0131da krizi gibi felaketlerle iklim b\u00f6lgelerini de de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye devam eder.<\/li>
      • \u00d6rne\u011fin son on bin y\u0131l i\u00e7inde CO2 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n atmosferinde 3\/10000\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015f ve ya\u015fanan art\u0131\u015flara kar\u015f\u0131 karbon sal\u0131m\u0131 azalt\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturmak \u00f6nceliklihale gelmi\u015ftir. \u201cSanayi devriminden beri, \u00f6zellikle fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n yak\u0131lmas\u0131, ormans\u0131zla\u015fma, tar\u0131msal etkinlikler ve sanayi s\u00fcre\u00e7leri gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli insan etkinlikleri ile atmosfere sal\u0131nan sera gazlar\u0131n\u0131n atmosferdeki birikimlerindeki h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015fa ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, \u015fehirle\u015fmenin de katk\u0131s\u0131yla do\u011fal sera etkisinin kuvvetlenmesi sonucunda, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde ve atmosferin alt katmanlar\u0131nda saptanan s\u0131cakl\u0131k art\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanan k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma, insanlar\u0131n ve hakim \u00fcretim faaliyetlerinin iklime d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan m\u00fcdahalesi olarak yerini bulur.<\/li>
      • Karbondioksit miktar\u0131 atmosferde s\u00fcrekli artmaktad\u0131r. 17. yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda ke\u015ffedilen karbondioksit atmosferde % 0,03 oran\u0131nda bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>
      • \u00d6zellikle fosil (k\u00f6m\u00fcr, petrol, vb) yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda ve yak\u0131lmas\u0131yla, fermantasyonla, hayvan ve bitkilerin solumalar\u0131yla \u00fcretilmektedir.<\/li>
      • Fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle karbondioksitte \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/li>
      • Uzmanlar, 1860’tan bu yana g\u00f6r\u00fclen yakla\u015f\u0131k 0,7\u00b0C’lik k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n % 60’l\u0131k b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn karbondioksitten kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir. Sera etkili gazlar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlilerinden olan karbondioksitin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde atmosferdeki yo\u011funlugu, 160 bin y\u0131l boyunca ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu miktardan daha fazlad\u0131r.<\/li>
      • Bu yo\u011funlu\u011fun %84\u2019\u00fc de sanayi faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten kentle\u015fme ve sanayile\u015fme ile birlikte, karbondioksit son 200 000 y\u0131l\u0131n en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve adeta sanayile\u015fmenin simgesi haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
      • T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan TU\u0130K verilerine g\u00f6re, Envanter sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda toplam seragaz\u0131 emisyonu CO2 e\u015fde\u011feri olarak 467,6 milyon ton (Mt) olarak hesapland\u0131. 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131nda CO2 e\u015fde\u011feri olarak en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 %72,5 ile enerji kaynakl\u0131 emisyonlar al\u0131rken, bunu s\u0131ras\u0131yla %13,4 ile end\u00fcstriyel i\u015flemler ve \u00fcr\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131, %10,6 ile tar\u0131msal faaliyetler ve %3,5 ile at\u0131k takip etti.<\/li>
      • Ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 seragaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131 artt\u0131 CO2 e\u015fde\u011feri olarak 2014 y\u0131l\u0131 toplam seragaz\u0131 emisyonu 1990 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re %125 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 CO2 e\u015fde\u011fer emisyonu 3,77 ton\/ki\u015fi olarak hesaplan\u0131rken, bu de\u011fer 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda 6,08 ton\/ki\u015fi<\/li><\/ul>

        olarak hesapland\u0131.<\/p>

        • CO2 emisyonlar\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck pay\u0131 enerji kaynakl\u0131 emisyonlar olu\u015fturdu Toplam CO2 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda %85,2\u2019si enerjiden, %14,6\u2019s\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel i\u015flemler ve \u00fcr\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131ndan, %0,2\u2019si ise tar\u0131msal faaliyetler ve at\u0131ktan kaynakland\u0131.<\/li>
        • \u0130nsan etkinliklerinden kaynaklanan m\u00fcdahaleler atmosferin bile\u015fimini de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye devam ederken, IPCC\u2019nin \u00e7izdi\u011fi karamsar tabloya g\u00f6re d\u00fcnya da \u0131s\u0131nmaya devam ediyor ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc kotalar ve s\u0131k\u0131 denetimlerle kesilse bile \u015fu ana kadar bu sal\u0131mlar\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu CO2 birikimlerinin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 uzun s\u00fcre atmosferde kalabilme \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip.<\/li>
        • Bu y\u00fczden gelecekteki iklimimiz kurakl\u0131k, do\u011fal afetler, biyo\u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin azalmas\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan g\u0131da egemenli\u011finin yitirilmesiyle artacak yoksulluk ve a\u00e7l\u0131k gibi pek \u00e7ok sorunu do\u011furaca\u011fa benziyor.<\/li>
        • K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin getirdi\u011fi olas\u0131 riskler ve s\u00fcrekli artma e\u011filiminde olan sera gaz\u0131 emisyon oranlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak bir iklim politikas\u0131 belirleme ihtiyac\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/li>
        • Ekolojik krizin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 sarmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7le birlikte ani iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lacak \u00f6ncelikli giri\u015fimler, s\u0131radan insanlar\u0131n fedak\u00e2rl\u0131k g\u00f6stermesi de\u011fil, tam tersine h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin harekete ge\u00e7mesi ve kurallar koymas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, krizin k\u00fcreselli\u011fi ve ekolojik felaketlerin b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcll\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve evrenselli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda devletler de uluslararas\u0131 alanda ad\u0131m atma ihtiyac\u0131 duymu\u015ftur.<\/li>
        • G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya ili\u015fkin bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortaya konulan bulgular bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin y\u00f6neticileri taraf\u0131ndan yeterince alg\u0131lan\u0131p, ulusal alanda da politika h\u00e2line getirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>

          \u00a0<\/p>

          ULUSLARARASI \u0130KL\u0130M POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/strong><\/p>

          • Bu do\u011frultuda; 1972-1992 aras\u0131ndaki birinci d\u00f6nemde iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi konusu uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde ele al\u0131narak konuyla ilgili bilimsel veriler toplanm\u0131\u015f,<\/li>
          • 1992-1997 aras\u0131ndaki ikinci d\u00f6nemde \u00e7e\u015fitli eylem stratejileri geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f,<\/li>
          • 1997-2007 aras\u0131ndaki son d\u00f6nemde ise y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ve mekanizmalar olu\u015fturularak \u00f6nlemler hayata ge\u00e7irilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
          • Kentle\u015fme ve sanayile\u015fmenin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 hava kirlili\u011fi ve bunun sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar 1980 \u00f6ncesine kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fcnya ikliminin mevcut dengesini korumas\u0131n\u0131n son derece \u00f6nemli bir sorun oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi bunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
          • Bu ama\u00e7la 12-23 \u015eubat 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk olarak Cenevre\u2019de Birinci D\u00fcnya Iklim Konferans\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
          • Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, May\u0131s 1979 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki D\u00fcnya Iklim Program\u0131n\u0131n Kurulmas\u0131 ve 13 Kas\u0131m\u2019da da S\u0131n\u0131r-A\u015fan Uzun Menzilli Hava Kirliliklerine ili\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin imzalanmas\u0131 takip etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
          • D\u00fcnya Meteoroloji \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletlerin 1998\u2019de ortakla\u015fa olu\u015fturdu\u011fu H\u00fck\u00fcmetler Aras\u0131 Iklim Degi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli (IPCC) bu alanda yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7in kilometre ta\u015f\u0131 kabul edilebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1992\u2019de Rio\u2019da al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funda IPCC\u2019nin etkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/li>
          • IPCC \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerde yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu raporlar ile bug\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fcresel iklim politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
          • IPCC\u2019nin 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporunda en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 nokta, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131g\u0131n\u0131n 1.5-4.5 derece aras\u0131nda artabilece\u011fi ve bunun sonucunda deniz seviyesinin 70-100 cm<\/li><\/ul>

            y\u00fckselebilece\u011fidir.<\/p>

            • 1972 Stockholm\u2019le ba\u015flay\u0131p 1987 Ortak Gelece\u011fimiz (Brutland) Raporu aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcre\u00e7te \u00e7evre mi kalk\u0131nma m\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 neticesinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma ideolojisi geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
            • Daha sonra ise 1992 Rio BM \u00c7evre Zirvesi\u2019nde \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzalanarak 1994 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girerek taraf devletler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015f ve 1997 Kyoto Protokol\u00fc ile devletler belirli taahh\u00fctler alt\u0131na girmi\u015flerdir.<\/li>
            • \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re, her be\u015f y\u0131lda bir, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7evresel alanlara iliksin bilan\u00e7olar\u0131n kamuoyuna yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. B\u00f6ylece iklimsel de\u011fi\u015fim ve iklim politikalar\u0131, kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n genel olarak hemfikir olduklar\u0131 bir uluslararas\u0131 politika alan\u0131 haline gelmektedir.<\/li>
            • BM\u0130D\u00c7S, insan kaynakl\u0131 sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde azaltmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecek en \u00f6nemli h\u00fck\u00fcmetler aras\u0131 \u00e7aba olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/li>
            • BM\u0130D\u00c7S\u2019nin nihai amac\u0131 m. 2\u2019de \u201cAtmosferdeki sera gaz\u0131 birikimlerini, insan\u0131n iklim sistemi \u00fczerindeki tehlikeli etkilerini \u00f6nleyecek bir d\u00fczeyde durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015farmak\u201dolarak ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
            • S\u00f6zle\u015fmede atmosferdeki sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir d\u00fczeyde durdurma hedefi konusunda 3 ko\u015ful \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re, sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131, \u201cekosistemlerin iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine do\u011fal olarak uyum g\u00f6stermesine izin verme; g\u0131da \u00fcretiminin tehdit edilmemesini sa\u011flama ve ekonomik kalk\u0131nman\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir yolla yap\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak vermeye\u201d yetecek bir s\u00fcrede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmelidir.<\/li>
            • Bu s\u00fcrece yol g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli ilkeler de, m. 3\u2019te e\u015fitlik, ortak ama farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sorumluluklar, \u00f6nleyici yakla\u015f\u0131m, maliyet-etkin \u00f6nlemler, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma ve saydam bir uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik sistem olarak say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
            • BM\u0130D\u00c7S\u2019nin eki niteli\u011findeki Kyoto Protokol\u00fc ise 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzaya a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir. BM\u0130D\u00c7S\u2019nin sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na veya s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik hukuki a\u00e7\u0131dan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 belgesidir.<\/li><\/ul>

              \u00a0<\/p>

              KYOTO MEKAN\u0130ZMALARI<\/strong><\/p>

              • Kyoto Protokol\u00fc mekanizmalar\u0131, temiz kalk\u0131nma d\u00fczene\u011fi, karbon ticareti, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasas\u0131 ve esneklik mekanizmalar\u0131 \u00fczerinden kurulmu\u015ftur. Ancak ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere sera gaz\u0131 sal\u0131m\u0131 konusundaliderli\u011fi koruyan kalk\u0131nmac\u0131 devletler Protokol\u2019e taraf olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
              • B\u00fct\u00fcn bu geli\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen, bu d\u00f6nemde iklim politikalar\u0131n\u0131n, sekt\u00f6rel politikalar \u00fczerindeki etkisinin s\u00fcrekli d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde tutulmas\u0131 nedeni ile iklim politikalar\u0131, hi\u00e7bir \u00fclkede \u00fczerinde \u00f6nemle durulan politik bir alan haline gelememi\u015ftir.<\/li>
              • \u00d6te yandan iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi konusunda uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde gelinen nokta, \u00f6zellikle sal\u0131m azalt\u0131m\u0131 konusunda yeterince ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilmi\u015f ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahip tek uluslararas\u0131 metin olan Kyoto Protokol\u00fc, hen\u00fcz b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkeler taraf\u0131ndan onaylanmam\u0131\u015f, tam ve etkin bi\u00e7imde uygulamaya konulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>

                \u00a0<\/p>

                KYOTO VE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE<\/strong><\/p>

                • 2008-2012 aras\u0131 ilk y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck d\u00f6neminde say\u0131salla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f sera gaz\u0131 emisyon azalt\u0131m veya s\u0131n\u0131rlama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc almas\u0131 prosed\u00fcr olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen T\u00fcrkiye, S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019ye taraf olmakla taahh\u00fctler ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine uyum olmak \u00fczere ba\u015fl\u0131ca iki y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
                • Bu do\u011frultuda T\u00fcrkiye sal\u0131mlara ili\u015fkin ulusal envanterin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve COP<\/li><\/ul>

                  Konferanslar\u0131nda sunulmas\u0131 ile uyumu kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak \u00f6nlemlerin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131,<\/p>

                  planlanmas\u0131 ve g\u00fcncellenmesi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ancak 2012 sonras\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 iklim rejimine y\u00f6nelik m\u00fczakereler sonucu Durban COP 17\u2019de s\u00fcre 5 y\u0131l daha uzat\u0131larak taahh\u00fctlerin yerine getirilmesi 2020\u2019ye ertelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>

                  \u00a0<\/p>

                  YEN\u0130 \u0130KL\u0130M REJ\u0130M\u0130: PAR\u0130S ANLA\u015eMASI<\/strong><\/p>

                  • Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck prensibinin karbon ticareti gibi asl\u0131nda sal\u0131mlar\u0131 azaltmak yerine ba\u015fka yerlere ihra\u00e7 eden ara\u00e7larla t\u0131kanmas\u0131 ard\u0131ndan 2015 sonunda d\u00fczenlenen COP21\u2019de (Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’nin 21. Taraflar Konferans\u0131) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na gelinmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ul>

                    \u00a0<\/p>

                    YEN\u0130 \u0130KL\u0130M REJ\u0130M\u0130: PAR\u0130S ANLA\u015eMASI<\/strong><\/p>

                    • Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn taahh\u00fct d\u00f6nemlerinin bitti\u011fi 2020 sonras\u0131 yeni iklim rejimini \u015fekillendirecek bu anla\u015fma ile ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha zay\u0131f olan ve \u00fclkelerin ortak kararla geli\u015ftirdikleri sorumluluklar\u0131 oran\u0131nda de\u011fil, kendi verdikleri g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc katk\u0131lara, dayanan bir d\u00f6nem ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
                    • Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel bir karakter kazanmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc olan bir anla\u015fma dilinden uzakla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>

                      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

                      PAR\u0130S ANLA\u015eMASI VE TEMEL SORUNLAR<\/strong><\/p>

                      • BM \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne taraf olan 196 \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n \u201ck\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini 2100 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 2 derecenin alt\u0131nda ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse 1,5 santigrad derecede tutmaya y\u00f6nelik bir kararl\u0131k i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131\u201d bu konuda etkin bir anla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucunu \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131yor.<\/li>
                      • K\u00fcresel iklim krizi ve k\u00fcresel \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilen yakla\u015f\u0131m soruna \u201c\u00e7it \u00e7ekme\u201d ve sorunun etkilerini \u00f6telemeye dayan\u0131yor. Hukuki mekanizmalar ve karar alma bi\u00e7imleri de bu eksende bi\u00e7imleniyor.<\/li>
                      • \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine \u00f6ncelikli olarak sebep olan devletlerin, enerji-yo\u011fun fosil yak\u0131t t\u00fcketimiyle edindikleri refah d\u00fczeyi ve teknolojik olanaklar\u0131 kadar finansal olanaklar\u0131n\u0131 da payla\u015fmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu anlamda hem seragaz\u0131 azalt\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 hem uyumu hem de iklim borcunu kar\u015f\u0131layacak yat\u0131r\u0131mlar i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00e7e yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 elzemdir.<\/li>
                      • Ye\u015fil \u0130klim Fonu gibi \u00f6nemli miktarda finansman mekanizmas\u0131 kurmakla birlikte Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu b\u00fct\u00e7eyi kar\u015f\u0131lamakta yeterli bir ad\u0131m oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Kyoto Protokol\u00fc \u00e7ok k\u0131smi de olsa cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla desteklenen hesap verilebilirlik mekanizmalar\u0131na sahipti. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile ilgili 2020 sonras\u0131 iklim rejiminin \u00e7er\u00e7evesini olu\u015fturacak Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na uyulmamas\u0131 halinde taraf \u00fclkeleri uygulamaya zorlayabilecek bir mekanizma veya mahkeme yok.<\/li>
                      • Ancak, uygunluk (compliance) rejimi \u00fczerinde 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda uzla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019ne ek olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de yeni bir uygunluk rejiminin 2020\u2019ye dek geli\u015ftirilece\u011fi ifade ediliyor. Hedef 2 dereceden 1.5 dereceye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ancak hesaplara g\u00f6re \u00fclkelerin \u2018Niyet Edilen Ulusal Katk\u0131 Beyanlar\u0131\u2019 (INDC) ger\u00e7ekle\u015fse bile \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n 2.7 – 3 dereceyi bulaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/li>
                      • Ulusal katk\u0131lar\u0131n (INDC\u2019ler) k\u00fcm\u00fclatif bir de\u011ferlendirmesinin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve 2018\u2019de H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli (IPCC) taraf\u0131ndan bu etkiyi g\u00f6steren bir rapor yay\u0131mlanaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f durumda. 2018\u2019den itibaren ise bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6ng\u00fclerle ilerleyecek. Ancak 5 senede bir yeniden de\u011ferlendirme mekanizmas\u0131 iklim dinamiklerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bilim insanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a muhafazakar bir zaman dilimi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Hesaplara g\u00f6re 2030\u2019da k\u00fcresel sal\u0131mlar\u0131n zirve yap\u0131p y\u0131lda %10\u2019la azalmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Bu senaryo Paris\u2019te dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131. \u015eu andaki Paris do\u011frultusu 2030\u2019da bir tavan \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fcyor, 2050 sonras\u0131nda bir noktada insan kaynakl\u0131 sal\u0131mlar\u0131n ve yutak alanlar\u0131n kapasitesi aras\u0131nda bir denge kurulmas\u0131 hedefleniyor.<\/li>
                      • Yani ekonomilerin tamamen karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ziyade \u015fu an elimizde olmayan teknolojiler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sal\u0131mlar\u0131n azalarak devam etmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Pek \u00e7ok bilim insan\u0131 Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, bahsetti\u011fi hedeflere ula\u015fmak konusunda \u00e7ok yetersiz oldu\u011fu endi\u015fesini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dillendiriyor. Gelece\u011fi \u015fimdiye dek belirsiz olan karbon ticareti ve Kyoto esneklik mekanizmalar\u0131 \u201cs\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nma mekanizmas\u0131\u201d arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeniden g\u00fcndemle\u015fti.<\/li>
                      • Lobiler sonucu karbon fiyatland\u0131rma mekanizmalar\u0131n\u0131n da anla\u015fmada ismi ge\u00e7iyor.<\/li>
                      • Ek olarak \u201cantropojenik sal\u0131mlar ve yutak kapasitesi aras\u0131nda denge kurulmas\u0131\u201d hedefi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201ciklim m\u00fchendisli\u011fi\u201d olarak \u00f6zetlenebilecek teknolojik metodlar ana ak\u0131mda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Paris sonras\u0131 yenilenebilir enerji (ve potansiyel olarak n\u00fckleer ve CCS yani karbon tutma-saklama teknolojilerine de) a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir h\u0131zlanma ya\u015fanmas\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/li>
                      • Ancak yenilenebilir enerji ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na masum veya olumlu bir olguya i\u015faret etmiyor. Devasa \u00f6l\u00e7ekte arazi gasb\u0131na, kaynak t\u00fcketimi ve bak\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6rne\u011fin konsantre g\u00fcne\u015f paneli sistemlerinde yo\u011fun su t\u00fcketimine de sebep oluyor.<\/li>
                      • B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya bir anda sadece yenilenebilir enerji kullan\u0131m\u0131na ge\u00e7se bile – mevcut anlay\u0131\u015fla \u201ckalk\u0131nmaya\u201d devam ettik\u00e7e – iklim krizi de\u011filse de ba\u015fka sosyo-ekonomik ve ekolojik krizlerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 kuvvetle muhtemel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/li>
                      • Yine enerji \u00fcretiminin sahibinin kim olaca\u011f\u0131, y\u00f6netiminin merkezi mi desentralize mi olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemli dayanak noktalar\u0131.<\/li><\/ul>

                        \u00a0<\/p>

                        • Bu y\u00fczden enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ad\u0131na bir enerji \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminden di\u011ferine plans\u0131zca atlamaktansa, \u00f6ncelikle enerjinin nas\u0131l, kimin i\u00e7in, ne \u015fekilde, nerede ve nas\u0131l \u00fcretildi\u011fini sorunsalla\u015ft\u0131racak \u015fekilde y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc \u201cenerji demokrasisi\u201dne d\u00f6nmemiz gerekiyor.<\/li>
                        • Anla\u015fma \u00f6zelinde bu sorular do\u011frultusunda hareket etmek \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/li>
                        • H\u00fck\u00fcmetleraras\u0131 \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Paneli\u2019nin (IPCC) 5. De\u011ferlendirme Raporu da g\u00f6stermektedir ki, insan ve ekosistem g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flayacak olan yakla\u015f\u0131m b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl bi\u00e7imde sosyo-ekolojik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek ve mevcut \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7evre boyutunun ciddiye al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li>
                        • Raporda \u2018tehdit \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131c\u0131\u2019 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin g\u00f6\u00e7 ve toplumsal \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla ili\u015fkisi bu anlamda basit bir sebep-sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisinin \u00f6tesinde dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fcresel iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00f6zelinde sadece devletlerin de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u00fcresel \u00e7evre sorunun ma\u011fduru olan sosyal kesimlerinin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini de sa\u011flayacak bir kat\u0131l\u0131m mekanizmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Bu kat\u0131l\u0131m mekanizmas\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte de Ekolojik de\u011ferlerin planlanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ak\u0131lc\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme tak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 sistemin \u00f6tesinde insani geli\u015fmi\u015flik g\u00f6stergesi bu ekolojik de\u011ferleri, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitli\u011fi, g\u0131day\u0131, tohumu, enerjiyi ne kadar rasyonel y\u00f6netebildi\u011fimizle \u015fekillenecektir.<\/li>
                        • Bunun i\u00e7in, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu Akdeniz Havzas\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gelece\u011fimiz ve toplumsal varolu\u015fumuz i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. K\u00fcresel \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n bu anlamda sadece devletleraras\u0131 m\u00fczakere edilen konulardan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak farkl\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7eklerde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 mekanizmalarla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/li><\/ul>

                          \u00a0<\/p>

                          \u0130KL\u0130M KR\u0130Z\u0130NE KAR\u015eI \u0130KL\u0130M ADALET\u0130<\/strong><\/p>

                          • \u0130klim adaleti talebi ilk olarak Yerli \u00c7evre A\u011f\u0131 kurucusu Tom Goldtooth taraf\u0131ndan 1990 y\u0131l\u0131 ortalar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
                          • Kavram\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 ilk kez, 1999\u2019da Corpwatch raporunda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>
                          • Kavram, 2002\u2019de 2. Renkli Tenli Halklar \u00c7evresel Liderlik Zirvesi\u2019nde kabul edilen bir karar\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/li>
                          • 2004\u2019te Durban zirvesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Yerli halklar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dile getirilen bu kavram, Karbon Ticareti hakk\u0131nda Durban bildirisiyle uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7apta dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
                          • \u0130klim adaleti talebi \u00fczerine \u015fekillenen \u0130klim Adaleti Hareketi, BM \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve Anla\u015fmas\u0131 2007 Bali toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cClimate Justice, Now!\u201d (\u0130klim Adaleti, Hemen!) s\u00f6ylemiyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve 2009 Kopenhag toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dikkatleri \u00fczerine \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/li>
                          • 20\u2019den fazla \u00fclkeden gelen aktivistler, \u0130klim Adaleti Eylem A\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak toplanm\u0131\u015f ve BM seviyesinde giderek i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na giren pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 iklim krizi \u00fczerine alternatif bir g\u00fcndem geli\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                            \u0130klim Politikas\u0131 \u0130KL\u0130M NED\u0130R? \u0130klim, belli bir d\u00f6nemde, belli bir b\u00f6lgede veya gezegenin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen t\u00fcm hava durumlar\u0131n\u0131n toplam\u0131 olarak, bir b\u00f6lgeye uzun s\u00fcre h\u00fckmeden, karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen hava durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. \u0130klimlerin olusmasinda D\u00fcnya ile G\u00fcne\u015f aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fki son derece \u00f6nemli olmakla birlikte, bunun yan\u0131nda okyanuslar\u0131n hareketleri, kutuplar, yery\u00fcz\u00fc \u015fekilleri, r\u00fczgar, ay, tektonik hareketler, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5546","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5546"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5603,"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5546\/revisions\/5603"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mtnplast.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}